How Children Develop 4th Edition Pdf Download

PDF 2014 – ISBN-10: 1429242310 – How Children Develop, quaternary edition  By Robert S. Siegler, Judy Due south. DeLoache    # 6982

2014 |  | 600 pages | PDF | 42 MB

By Robert Siegler

Carnegie Mellon Academy

Judy DeLoache

University of Virginia

Nancy Eisenberg

Arizona Country University

Jenny Saffran

Academy of Wisconsin–Madison

And Campbell Leaper,

Academy of California–Santa Cruz, reviser of Affiliate fifteen: Gender Evolution

Written for topically-organized child development modules, How Children Develop provides a fresh perspective on the field of child development, emphasizing fundamental principles, enduring themes and of import recent studies. The authors – all noted scholars and respected researchers are exceptionally adept at making hard topics accessible.

1 An Introduction to Kid Development. 1

two Prenatal Development and the Newborn Catamenia . 39

3 Biology and Behavior. 85

four Theories of Cognitive Development . 129

v Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy . 171

6 Development of Language and Symbol Use. 215

seven Conceptual Development. 259

8 Intelligence and Bookish Achievement. 297

ix Theories of Social Evolution . 339

10 Emotional Evolution. 383

xi Attachment to Others and Development of Cocky. 425

12 The Family. 467

13 Peer Relationships. 509

fourteen Moral Evolution. 553

15 Gender Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .593

16 Conclusions. 637

Affiliate 1 An Introduction to Child Evolution. 1

Reasons to Learn Nearly Kid Development . 3

Raising Children iii

Choosing Social Policies iv

Understanding Human Nature 6

Review 7

Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Evolution. 7

Early on Philosophers' Views of Children's Development 8

Social Reform Movements 9

Darwin's Theory of Development 9

The Beginnings of Research-Based Theories of Child Development 10

Review ten

Enduring Themes in Child Evolution. 10

1. Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape

Development? 10

2. The Active Kid: How Practice Children Shape Their Ain

Development? 12

3. Continuity/Discontinuity: In What Ways Is Evolution Continuous,

and in What Means Is It Discontinuous? 13

4. Mechanisms of Development: How Does Change Occur? 16
5. The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context

Influence Development? 17

6. Private Differences: How Do Children Become Then Unlike

from Ane Some other? xx

7. Inquiry and Children's Welfare: How Can Inquiry Promote

Children's Well‑Being? 21

Review 22

Methods for Studying Kid Development . 22

The Scientific Method 23

Contexts for Gathering Data About Children 25

Correlation and Causation 28

Designs for Examining Development 32

Upstanding Bug in Child-Development Enquiry 35

Review 36

Chapter 2 Prenatal Development and

the Newborn Period. 39

Prenatal Development. 41

Box 2.1: A Closer Wait Beng Ancestry 41

Formulation 42

Box two.two: Individual Differences The First—and Terminal—Sex Differences 44

Developmental Processes 45

Box 2.3: A Closer Wait Phylogenetic Continuity 46

Early Development 47

An Illustrated Summary of Prenatal Development 48

Fetal Behavior 51

Fetal Experience 52

Fetal Learning 54

Hazards to Prenatal Evolution 56

Box 2.4: Applications Confront to Wake Up 61

Review 66

The Birth Experience. 66

Multifariousness of Childbirth Practices 68

Review 69

The Newborn Infant . 70

State of Arousal 70

Negative Outcomes at Birth 74

Box two.v: Applications Parenting a Depression-Nascence-Weight Baby 78

Review 81

Affiliate iii Biology and Behavior . 85

Nature and Nurture. 87

Genetic and Environmental Forces 88

Box 3.1: Applications Genetic Transmission of Disorders 94

Beliefs Genetics 99

Box 3.2: Private Differences Identical Twins Reared Apart 101

Review 105

Brain Evolution. 106

Structures of the Brain 106

Developmental Processes 109

Box 3.3: A Closer Look Mapping the Mind 110

The Importance of Feel 114

Brain Damage and Recovery 117

Review 118

The Body: Physical Growth and Development. 119

Growth and Maturation 119

x

Nutritional Behavior 121

Review 126

Chapter 4 Theories of Cerebral Evolution. 129

Piaget'due south Theory. 132

View of Children'due south Nature 132

Central Developmental Issues 133

The Sensorimotor Stage (Nativity to Age 2 Years) 135

The Preoperational Stage (Ages ii to 7) 138

The Concrete Operational Stage (Ages 7 to 12) 141

The Formal Operational Stage (Historic period 12 and Beyond) 141

Piaget's Legacy 142

Box 4.1: Applications Educational Applications of Piaget's Theory 143

Review 144

Information-Processing Theories. 145

View of Children'southward Nature 146

Key Developmental Problems 147

Box iv.2: Applications Educational Applications of Information-Processing

Theories 154

Review 155

Sociocultural Theories. 155

View of Children's Nature 156

Cardinal Developmental Issues 158

Review 160

Box 4.three: Applications Educational Applications of Sociocultural Theories 161

Dynamic-Systems Theories . 161

View of Children'south Nature 163

Central Development Issues 165

Box 4.four: Applications Educational Applications of Dynamic-Systems

Theories 166

Review 167

Chapter 5 Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy . 171

Perception. 173

Vision 173

Box 5.1: A Closer Look Infants' Face Perception 176

Box 5.2: A Closer Look Motion picture Perception 183

Auditory Perception 182

Gustatory modality and Smell 186

Touch 186

Intermodal Perception 186

Review 188

11

Motor Development. 188

Reflexes 189

Motor Milestones 190

Electric current Views of Motor Development 191

Box 5.3: A Closer Await "The Instance of the Disappearing Reflex" 192

The Expanding World of the Infant 192

Box 5.four: Applications A Recent Secular Change in Motor Development 195

Box 5.5: A Closer Look "Gangway—I'm Coming Down" 196

Review 198

Learning . 198

Habituation 199

Perceptual Learning 199

Statistical Learning 200

Classical Workout 201

Instrumental Conditioning 201

Observational Learning/Fake 202

Rational Learning 204

Review 205

Noesis. 205

Object Knowledge 206

Physical Knowledge 207

Social Cognition 208

Looking Ahead 211

Review 211

Affiliate 6 Development of Language and

Symbol Use. 215

Language Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

The Components of Language 217

What Is Required for Language? 218

Box vi.1: Applications Two Languages Are Improve Than One 222

The Procedure of Language Conquering 224

Box 6.2: Individual Differences The Office of Family and School Context

in Early on Language Evolution 235

Box vi.iii: Applications: iBabies: Technology and Language Learning 240

Theoretical Issues in Language Development 246

Box half-dozen.4: A Closer Look: "I Simply Can't Talk Without My Hands" What Gestures

Tell Us About Language 248

Box 6.v: Individual Differences Developmental Language Disorders 251

Review 252

Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development. 252

Using Symbols as Information 253

Cartoon 254

Review 256

xii

Affiliate 7 Conceptual Evolution. 259

Understanding Who or What . 261

Dividing Objects into Categories 261

Knowledge of Other People and Oneself 266

Box 7.1: Private Differences Children with Autism Spectrum

Disorders (ASD) 270

Box 7.two: Individual Differences Imaginary Companions 273

Cognition of Living Things 273

Review 278

Understanding Why, Where, When, and How Many . 278

Causality 279

Box seven.3: A Closer Look Magical Thinking and Fantasy 282

Space 283

Time 286

Number 288

Relations Among Understanding of Space, Fourth dimension, and Number 292

Review 293

Chapter 8 Intelligence and Bookish Achievement . 297

What Is Intelligence?. 299

Intelligence every bit a Single Trait 299

Intelligence as a Few Bones Abilities 299

Intelligence as Numerous Processes 300

A Proposed Resolution 300

Review 301

Measuring Intelligence. 301

The Contents of Intelligence Tests 302

The Intelligence Quotient (IQ) 304

Continuity of IQ Scores 305

Box 8.1: Private Differences Gifted Children 306

Review 306

IQ Scores equally Predictors of Of import Outcomes. 307

Review 308

Genes, Surround, and the Evolution of Intelligence. 308

Qualities of the Child 309

Influence of the Immediate Environs 310

Influence of Society 313

Box 8.ii: Applications: A Highly Successful Early on Intervention: The Carolina

Abecedarian Project 318

Review 320

Alternative Perspectives on Intelligence. 320

Review 322

xiii

Acquisition of Academic Skills: Reading, Writing,

and Mathematics . 322

Reading 322

Box 8.iii: Private Differences Dyslexia 326

Writing 328

Mathematics 330

Mathematics Anxiety 334

Box 8.4: Applications Mathematics Disabilities 335

Review 335

Chapter ix Theories of Social Development. 339

Psychoanalytic Theories . 341

View of Children'southward Nature 342

Central Developmental Issues 342

Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Evolution 342

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development 345

Electric current Perspectives 347

Review 348

Learning Theories. 348

View of Children'southward Nature 349

Central Developmental Issues 349

Watson'due south Behaviorism 349

Skinner'south Operant Conditioning 350

Social Learning Theory 352

Box nine.i: A Closer Await Bandura and Bobo 352

Current Perspectives 355

Review 356

Theories of Social Cognition. 356

View of Children'south Nature 356

Fundamental Developmental Issues 356

Selman'due south Stage Theory of Role Taking 357

Dodge's Data-Processing Theory of Social Trouble Solving 357

Dweck'south Theory of Self-Attributions and Accomplishment Motivation 359

Current Perspectives 361

Review 361

Ecological Theories of Evolution. 362

View of Children's Nature 362

Central Developmental Issues 362

Ethological and Evolutionary Theories 362

The Bioecological Model 366

Box ix.2: Private Differences Attention-Arrears Hyperactivity Disorder 370

Box ix.3: Applications Preventing Child Abuse 373

Electric current Perspectives 378

Review 379

xiv

Chapter 10 Emotional Development. 383

The Development of Emotions in Babyhood. 385

Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion 386

The Emergence of Emotion in the Early Years and Babyhood 387

Box ten.i: Individual Differences Gender Differences in Adolescent

Low 396

Review 398

Regulation of Emotion. 398

The Development of Emotional Regulation 399

The Relation of Emotional Self-Regulation to Social Competence and

Adjustment 401

Review 402

Individual Differences in Emotion and Its Regulation. 402

Temperament 403

Box 10.ii: A Closer Await Measurement of Temperament 406

Review 410

Children's Emotional Development in the Family. 410

Quality of the Kid's Relationships with Parents 410

Parental Socialization of Children'south Emotional Responding 411

Review 414

Culture and Children's Emotional Evolution. 414

Review 416

Children's Agreement of Emotion. 416

Identifying the Emotions of Others 416

Understanding the Causes and Dynamics of Emotion 418

Children'south Understanding of Real and False Emotions 419

Review 421

Affiliate 11 Attachment to Others and

Evolution of Self. 425

The Caregiver–Child Attachment Relationship. 427

Attachment Theory 428

Measurement of Attachment Security in Infancy 430

Box eleven.i: Individual Differences Parental Zipper Status 432

Cultural Variations in Attachment 434

Factors Associated with the Security of Children'southward Zipper 435

Box 11.ii: Applications Interventions and Attachment 436

Does Security of Attachment Have Long-Term Effects? 437

Review 439

Conceptions of the Cocky . 439

The Development of Conceptions of Self 440

xv

Identity in Boyhood 446

Review 449

Indigenous Identity. 449

Indigenous Identity in Childhood 450

Ethnic Identity in Adolescence 451

Review 453

Sexual Identity or Orientation. 453

The Origins of Youths' Sexual Identity 453

Sexual Identity in Sexual-Minority Youth 454

Review 458

Cocky-Esteem . 458

Sources of Self-Esteem 459

Self-Esteem in Minority Children 462

Culture and Self-Esteem 463

Review 464

Affiliate 12 The Family. 467

Family Dynamics. 470

Box 12.1: A Closer Await Parent–Kid Relationships

in Boyhood 471

Review 472

The Function of Parental Socialization. 472

Parenting Styles and Practices 472

The Child as an Influence on Parenting 477

Socioeconomic Influences on Parenting 479

Box 12.2: A Closer Wait Homelessness 481

Review 482

Mothers, Fathers, and Siblings. 482

Differences in Mothers' and Fathers' Interactions with Their

Children 482

Sibling Relationships 483

Review 485

Changes in Families in the The states. 485

Box 12.3: Individual Differences Adolescents as Parents 486

Older Parents 488

Divorce 489

Stepparenting 494

Lesbian and Gay Parents 496

Review 497

Maternal Employment and Child Care. 498

The Effects of Maternal Employment 498

The Effects of Child Care 500

Review 506

sixteen

Chapter xiii Peer Relationships. 509

What Is Special About Peer Relationships? . 512

Friendships. 513

Early Peer Interactions and Friendships 513

Developmental Changes in Friendship 515

The Functions of Friendships 517

Effects of Friendships on Psychological Performance and Beliefs

over Fourth dimension 520

Box 13.1: Private Differences Culture and Children's Peer

Experience 522

Children's Option of Friends 523

Review 525

Peers in Groups . 525

The Nature of Immature Children's Groups 525

Cliques and Social Networks in Middle Babyhood and Early

Adolescence 526

Cliques and Social Networks in Adolescence 526

Negative Influences of Cliques and Social Networks 528

Box 13.ii: A Closer Look Cyberspace and Children'southward Peer Experience 529

Romantic Relationships with Peers 531

Review 532

Status in the Peer Group. 532

Measurement of Peer Status 533

Characteristics Associated with Sociometric Status 533

Box 13.three: Applications Fostering Children's Peer Acceptance 538

Stability of Sociometric Condition 539

Cantankerous-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Factors Related to

Peer Status 539

Peer Status as a Predictor of Adventure 540

Review 543

The Role of Parents in Children's Peer Relationships. 544

Relations Betwixt Attachment and Competence with Peers 544

Quality of Ongoing Parent–Kid Interactions and

Peer Relationships 545

Parental Beliefs 546

Gatekeeping and Coaching 546

Family Stress and Children's Social Competence 548

Review 548

Affiliate 14 Moral Development . 553

Moral Judgment. 555

Piaget'due south Theory of Moral Judgment 555

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Judgment 558

xvii

Prosocial Moral Judgment 562

Domains of Social Judgment 563

Review 566

The Early Evolution of Censor. 566

Factors Affecting the Development of Censor 567

Review 568

Prosocial Behavior. 568

The Development of Prosocial Behavior 569

The Origins of Private Differences in Prosocial Behavior 571

Box 14.1: A Closer Look Cultural Contributions to Children'southward Prosocial

and Antisocial Tendencies 573

Box 14.2: Applications Schoolhouse-Based Interventions for Promoting

Prosocial Behavior 576

Review 577

Antisocial Behavior. 577

The Evolution of Aggression and Other Antisocial Behaviors 577

Consistency of Ambitious and Antisocial Beliefs 579

Box 14.iii: A Closer Look Oppositional Defiant Disorder and

Bear Disorder 580

Characteristics of Aggressive-Hating Children and Adolescents 581

The Origins of Assailment 582

Biology and Socialization: Their Joint Influence on Children's Antisocial

Behavior 587

Box 14.4: Applications The Fast Runway Intervention 588

Review 589

Chapter 15 Gender Evolution. 593

Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development . 595

Biological Influences 596

Box 15.i: A Closer Wait: Gender Identity: More than Socialization? 598

Cognitive and Motivational Influences 599

Box xv.2: A Closer Wait Gender Typing at Habitation 604

Box 15.3: Applications Where Are SpongeSally SquarePants and

Curious Jane? 605

Cultural Influences 606

Review 607

Milestones in Gender Development . 607

Infancy and Toddlerhood 608

Preschool Years 608

Middle Childhood 610

Adolescence 612

Box fifteen.4: A Closer Look Gender Flexibility and Asymmetry 613

Review 614

eighteen

Comparing Girls and Boys . 614

Physical Growth: Prenatal Evolution Through Adolescence 617

Cognitive Abilities and Academic Accomplishment 619

Personality Traits 625

Interpersonal Goals and Communication 626

Box 15.5: A Closer Look Gender and Children's Communication Styles 627

Aggressive Beliefs 628

Box 15.vi: Applications Sexual Harassment and Dating Violence 631

Review 633

Chapter sixteen Conclusions. 637

Theme ane: Nature and Nurture: All Interactions, All the Time. 638

Nature and Nurture Brainstorm Interacting Before Birth 638

Infants' Nature Elicits Nurture 639

Timing Matters 639

Nature Does Non Reveal Itself All at Once 640

Everything Influences Everything 641

Theme 2: Children Play Active Roles in Their Own Development. 641

Self-Initiated Action 642

Active Estimation of Feel 643

Self-Regulation 643

Eliciting Reactions from Other People 644

Theme three: Development Is Both Continuous and Discontinuous. 645

Continuity/Discontinuity of Individual Differences 645

Continuity/Aperture of Overall Development: The Question

of Stages 646

Theme 4: Mechanisms of Developmental Change . 648

Biological Change Mechanisms 648

Behavioral Alter Mechanisms 649

Cognitive Change Mechanisms 651

Change Mechanisms Work Together 653

Theme 5: The Sociocultural Context Shapes Development. 653

Growing Up in Societies with Different Practices and Values 653

Growing Upwards in Unlike Times and Places 655

Growing Upwardly in Different Circumstances Within a Guild 655

Theme 6: Private Differences. 656

Latitude of Individual Differences at a Given Time 657

Stability Over Time 658

Predicting Hereafter Individual Differences on Other Dimensions 658

Determinants of Private Differences 659

Theme vii: Kid-Evolution Research Can Improve

Children'south Lives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .660

xix

Implications for Parenting 660

Implications for Instruction 662

Implications for Helping Children at Risk 662

Improving Social Policy 664

Glossary . Chiliad-1

References. R-one

Proper noun Index . NI-1

Subject Index . SI-1

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